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Winnipeg, Lake, 24 400 km2, elev 217 m, estimated maximum depth 18 m, sixth-largest freshwater lake in Canada, is located in central Manitoba. Extending 416 km north-south, it drains approximately 984 200 km2 of land by way of the SASKATCHEWAN, RED-ASSINIBOINE and WINNIPEG river systems. This drainage basin extends from the foothills of the Rockies across Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the rolling metamorphic uplands of Ontario's Precambrian SHIELD. In the south it extends along the Red River to the headwaters of the Mississippi, including large parts of the states of Minnesota and North Dakota. Lk Winnipeg discharges its waters into the NELSON RIVER, which flows to HUDSON BAY at an average annual rate of 2066 m3/s. Since the construction of a lake-outlet control structure at Jenpeg, Man, the monthly discharge has been maintained between 25 000 m3/s and 183 300 m3/s. The control structure maintains lake levels at about 217 m and assures an adequate supply of water for the numerous hydroelectric generating stations on the Nelson.
The lake lies in a lowland basin that was scoured out of the limestone and shale bedrock by continental glaciers during the ice ages. When the glaciers finally melted, about 12 000 years ago, a large lake, Glacial Lake AGASSIZ, filled the entire basin. It gradually drained and exposed a flat plain that extends from the Manitoba Escarpment in the west to the rocky edge of the Precambrian Shield in the east. Today the glacial lake bottom constitutes the Manitoba Lowlands and is occupied by lakes Winnipeg, WINNIPEGOSIS and MANITOBA. English explorer Henry KELSEY (1690) may have been the first European to see the "murky waters" (win-nipi) and adopted this Cree Indian name for the vast freshwater body. The lake soon became an important transport link between the Hudson Bay port of York Factory and the fur-trade hinterlands of the Red-Assiniboine watershed. In 1812 Lord Selkirk's boats traversed the length of Lake Winnipeg on their way to founding the RED RIVER COLONY at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. Later the lake gave its name to this community, which later became the capital of the new province of Manitoba. On long and relatively narrow lakes such as Lake Winnipeg, interesting wind and wave effects occasionally take place. When prevailing northerly winds blow along the length of Lake Winnipeg, they exert a horizontal stress on its surface. Surface waters move in the direction of the wind and pile up along the windward south shores - a phenomenon known as a setup or wind tide. Setups greater than 1 m above normal lake levels have been recorded along many of southern Lake Winnipeg's recreational beaches, and the associated high waves with their uprush effects have caused considerable storm damage, backshore flooding and shoreline erosion. The highest setups occur in the fall, when the northerly winds are strongest. If the winds die down suddenly, the waters rush northward, then slosh back and forth in a process called seiching.
 Lakes of Canada, Map
Author
R.A. MCGINN
Links to Other Sites
Canadian natural disaster sparked 'Big Freeze' in Europe 12,800 years ago: scientist
A news article about a period of global climate change caused by the movement of water out of Lake Agassiz, a massive prehistoric body of water that once covered much of Central Canada. From theprovince.com.
A Sea of Troubles
This CBC feature examines how pollution is affecting the ecological health of Lake Winnipeg.
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