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Superior, Lake, area 82 100 km2, of which 28 749 km2 lies in Canada; elev 183 m. It is 563 km long, 257 km wide and 406 m at its greatest depth. The lake is fed by some 200 rivers, including the Nipigon, St Louis, Pigeon, Pic, White, Michipicoten and Kaministikquia, and it discharges via the St Mary's R into Lk Huron. Being the most northwesterly of the GREAT LAKES, it was called Lac Supérieur by the French, a name that is appropriate in English as well - Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world. It has 2 large islands: Isle Royale, which is a US national park, and Michipicoten in Canadian waters.
Vast, remote, deep and cold, with sheer rock cliffs rising on the N shore, the lake's austere beauty has become part of the Canadian imagination. The tale of billions of years of GEOLOGICAL HISTORY is exposed in its rocks. Stromatolites, the oldest fossils found anywhere, have been found in the rocks along Whitefish R - evidence of life 1.8 billion years ago. At AGAWA BAY, volcanic action has created one of the finest pebble beaches in the world. The rocks around Superior also contain valuable mineral deposits, especially IRON ORE in the great Mesabi Range in Minnesota. Silver was taken from beneath the lake at SILVER ISLET and copper was mined by the Indians long before the arrival of Europeans. Gold has been discovered at Hemlo, some 30 km E of Marathon. Étienne BRÛLÉ was likely the first European to see the lake (1622). Hugues Randin was in the SAULT STE MARIE area around 1670, and Sieur DULHUT laid formal claim to the area around the lake in 1679. For 100 years the voyageurs braved the storms of Superior and carried furs along the N shore to GRAND PORTAGE and later FORT WILLIAM. Ft Michipicoten, at the eastern end of the lake, was established in 1725 and operated until 1904. After 1855 a ship canal was operated at Sault Ste Marie, and steamers passed in increasing numbers as huge quantities of grain and iron ore were carried to the lower lakes. Today, THUNDER BAY is one of the largest ports by volume in Canada. LAKE SUPERIOR PROVINCIAL PARK fronts on the lake between the Montréal and Michipicoten rivers and PUKASKWA NATIONAL PARK between the Pukaskwa and White rivers. The parks preserve a rugged environment of ancient mountains scoured in the last ICE AGE.
 Clouds, Lake SuperiorLawren Harris, 1923, oil on canvas (courtesy Winnipeg Art Gallery).
 Lake SuperiorLake Superior (photo by Tim Fitzharris).
 St Lawrence Seaway, Map
Author
JAMES MARSH
Links to Other Sites
Library and Archives Canada
The website for Library and Archives Canada. Offers searchable online collections of textual documents, photographs, audio recordings, and other digitized resources. Also includes virtual exhibits about Canadian history and culture, and research aids that assist in locating material in the physical collections.
Pukaskwa National Park of Canada
This illustrated Parks Canada website focuses on local aborigial history and recent resource management projects in Pukaskwa National Park.
Marathon
The official website for the Town of Marathon.
Pukaskwa National Park, Ontario
This online slide show captures the striking beauty of Pukaskwa National Park in Ontario. Part of the “Canada's Aquatic Environments” website from the University of Guelph.
Lake Superior North Shore
Search this Ontario travel guide for information about the Lake Superior North Shore region.
The Prehistory And Early History Of The Southern Canadian Shield Region
A great information source about archaeological research in the Southern Shield region of Ontario. Covers the Paleo-Indian Period to the 19th Century. A City of North Bay website.
Nipigon
The website for the Township of Nipigon. Offers information about municipal services and local recreational opportunities.
Sault Ste. Marie Canal National Historic Site of Canada
A fascinating look at the many Canadian engineering innovations built into the original canal that provided safe passage between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. From Parks Canada.
Lake Superior Provincial Park
Provides a detailed listing of recreational opportunities and a virtual tour of the visitor centre.
Agawa Rock Pictographs Trail
Information about the Agawa Rock Pictographs Trail from the "Lake Superior Provincial Park" website. Click on "Hiking" and then "Agawa Rock Pictographs."
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Browse the rich visual resources of The Canadian Encyclopedia through thematic galleries of Canadian Art, History, Nature, People, and Science and Technology.
Illustrations, lively text, animations, sounds and games help make learning about Canadian history, art, geography, architecture and other topics entertaining as well as informative.
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This selection of the 100 "greatest" events in Canadian history was made by editor in chief James H. Marsh to draw attention to events that have left an indelible memory in the minds of later generations.
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