Keywords Born in 1795 Historical Figures Upper Canada

Mackenzie, William Lyon
The fiery and principled Scot was the catalyst for the turbulent politics of the 1830s in Upper Canada (Courtesy Library and Archives Canada).

Political Career
In 1832 he visited England to present his political supporters' grievances before the imperial government. The sympathetic hearing he received outraged Upper Canadian conservatives. Moreover, Mackenzie's venomous attacks on the local oligarchy brought reprisals in the form of libel suits, threats and physical assaults, as well as an attack on his printing office, which left his press wrecked and the type thrown into the lake. The diminutive Scot's scathing attacks on his opponents also led to his repeated expulsion from the Assembly, although he was continually re-elected by his rural constituents. In 1834, when the Reformers won a majority on the newly created Toronto City Council, he was elected its first mayor. At the end of 1834, he was elected to the provincial Parliament again. However, he was defeated at the polls in 1836, and in December 1837 an embittered Mackenzie turned his mind to armed revolt.

Rebellions of 1837
On December 6, convinced that he would gain spontaneous support, he led an erratic expedition down Yonge Street towards Toronto, seemingly more intent on damaging the property of Tory supporters than taking control of the government. As the force neared Toronto it was dispersed by a few shots from loyalist guards. On December 7 loyalists marched north to Montgomery's Tavern and easily defeated the rebels. Mackenzie fled to the US and tried to muster a new scheme from NAVY ISLAND in the Niagara River. Canadian militia bombarded the island and sank the rebel supply ship Caroline.

Exile
Mackenzie moved to New York where he founded Mackenzie's Gazette. However, he was convicted of violation of the US neutrality laws and imprisoned for a year, falling ill and deeper in debt. He spent the next 10 years in the US, eventually finding employment as a correspondent for the New York Daily Tribune. During exile he wrote several books, including The Sons of the Emerald Isle (1844), The Lives and Opinions of Benjamin Franklin Butler and Jesse Hoyt (1845) and The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren (1846).

Mackenzie returned to Canada in 1849 following a government pardon. Undaunted, he quickly resumed both his journalistic and his political careers, serving with characteristic energy as MLA for Haldimand until retirement in 1857 and occasionally publishing a political squib usually entitled Mackenzie's Weekly Message. The fiery and principled Scot died at his home on Bond Street, now one of Toronto's historic sites and museums.

Author VICTOR L. RUSSELL

Suggested Reading
D. Flint, William Lyon Mackenzie (1971); W. Kilbourn, The Firebrand (1956); Victor L. Russell, The Mayors of Toronto, 1834-1899 (1982).

Links to Other Sites
William Lyon Mackenzie
A biography of William Lyon Mackenzie with photographs and other archival resources. This “Canadian Confederation” website is from Library and Archives Canada.

Ontario History Quest
Students are invited to explore Ontario’s past through this collection of original letters, diaries, pictures and other documents. Produced by the Toronto Public Library, the Archives of Ontario and the City of Toronto Archives.

Mackenzie Printery and Newspaper Museum
This fine museum, located in the former home of William Lyon Mackenzie, features a collection of working heritage presses and exhibits about the history of printing.

House of Commons Heritage Collection
The House of Commons Heritage Collection features objects ranging from sculpture and furniture to official portraits, historical paintings, prints, drawings, sculptures, murals, and frescoes.