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Papineau was neither the first nor the last leader to lose control of what he had set in motion. He was a brilliant, complex man whose own divided nature played a part in the confusion of the times.

The eldest of 8 children, Louis-Joseph Papineau was born in Montreal in 1786. His father Joseph represented Montreal in the Assembly of Lower Canada, where he took part in its first debate, demanding recognition of the official use of the French language. An impressionable and sensitive child, Louis-Joseph was the favourite of his puritanical mother. She hoped that he would become a priest but he rebelled and took refuge in books.

Louis-Joseph was called to the bar in 1809 but he got little satisfaction from practicing law. In 1809 he was elected to the Assembly, where he became the natural leader of a group of professionals who called themselves the parti canadien.

Complex and contradictory, Papineau was the first effective political leader of his people and a fitting symbol of their discontent (daguerrotype, courtesy NAC/C-66899).

Papineau's strategy was one of systematic and implacable obstruction of Anglo ambitions. It resulted in an atmosphere of contempt and intolerance in the Assembly but it also contributed to a new national feeling among the people, who for the first time began to call themselves "French Canadians." Papineau was determined to speak for this new national destiny. He reorganized the parti canadien as the parti patriote and openly called for a republic.

While Papineau was the most articulate and powerful spokesman for his party and his people, his message was a tangled skein of conflicting ideas. He proclaimed progressive ideas such as responsible government, but his ideal society remained rooted in the feudal seigneurial system. Although an unbeliever, he defended the influence of the Catholic Church.

When the British parliament rebuked the demands of the patriotes, there seemed no turning back, but Papineau himself was torn. He could no longer extricate himself from the movement that he had created, but he was quickly losing control to extremists.

After the meeting at Saint Charles, the government arrested several patriote leaders. Once the fighting started, Papineau briefly joined the rebels and then fled to the United States.

How is such inglorious conduct to be explained? In exile Papineau convinced himself that he was a martyr but many of his own followers called him a coward. He was granted an amnesty and returned to Canada in 1845 and to politics in 1847. With the more conciliatory leadership of Louis Lafontaine he was increasingly isolated. He spent his last years devoted to his books and to his seigneury.

Papineau exerted a unique influence on the French Canadians and awakened them to new ideas of nationalism and liberty. But his inner contradictions brought fear and hesitation when his followers needed him most.

James H. Marsh is editor in chief of The Canadian Encyclopedia.