Spider

A spider is a carnivorous ARTHROPOD (segmented, jointed-limbed animal) of the class ARACHNIDA, order Araneae. About 39 000 species are known of an estimated 170 000 world total. Spiders occur throughout the world excluding Antarctica, inhabiting terrestrial and aquatic environments. About 1400 species are known from Canada, including 2 species of tarantulas (Antrodiaetus pacificus and Sphodros niger) and 2 species of black widows (Latrodectus variolus and L. hesperus) from Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Thirteen species of spiders occur on ELLESMERE ISLAND, the northernmost point in Canada.

Description

Spiders have 8 legs and 2 body parts, an abdomen and a cephalothorax (fused head and thorax). Spinnerets on the abdomen produce silk, used for making webs and draglines, "ballooning," and for wrapping prey and protecting eggs. Some spiders build a new web daily, eating the old one and recycling the silk. Although most species have 8 eyes, they can only distinguish light and dark. Jumping (family Salticidae) and wolf (family Lycosidae) spiders have good, binocular vision for about 15-20 cm. The smallest spiders (family Symphytognathidae) in the world have leg spans of about 0.4 mm long; the largest spiders (family Theraphosidae) about 27 cm. The largest Canadian species (family Pisauridae, Dolomedes tenebrosus) has a leg span of about 6 cm; a European-introduced species (family Agelenidae, Tegenaria duellica) is larger at about 10 cm.

Some spiders have amazing powers of dispersal. Large spiders may crawl only a few metres per day, but small ones balloon through the air 50 km or more per day.

Reproduction

Most spiders in Canada have a one- or 2-year life cycle. Dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) may lay only 8-10 eggs; black widow spiders (family Theridiidae) may lay 1000 or more. In grassy fields, spider populations in Canada may reach over 2 million per hectare.

Feeding

As spiders digest food externally, they ingest liquids only. After catching prey, they bite holes into the body wall and exude enzymes into and onto prey. The enzymes convert the prey's tissues to a soup, which is then sucked up.

All spiders are poisonous to some degree, even those few species that have poison glands partly modified into glue-spitting glands. Venom is injected into the prey to either immobilize or kill it. Black widow spiders, which are among the most poisonous of animals, are found in southern Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and BC. Their venom is about 200 times as poisonous as that of a RATTLESNAKE per unit volume.

Relationship to Humans

Spiders are important predators, eating many destructive insects, and helping to control INSECT PESTS. Tarantulas have the undeserved reputation of being dangerous. Most are actually quite docile and will attack only if provoked. Their docility, ease of being tamed and size and beautiful coloration make them popular as pets.

Author ROBIN LEECH

Suggested Reading
J.A. Coddington and H.W. Levi, "Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol 22 (1991); Rainer F. Foelix, Biology of Spiders, 2nd ed (1996); B.J. Kaston, How To Know the Spiders, 3rd ed (1978); D. Ubick, P. Paquin, P.E. Cushing and V. Roth, Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual (2005).

Links to Other Sites
Canadian Biodiversity Website
A great information source for all budding biologists. Learn about biodiversity theory, natural history, and conservation issues. From McGill’s Redpath Museum.

The Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes
This website provides information about the scope and contents of the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes. Check the “Index” link for illustrated descriptions of various taxonomic groups.

Researchers identify giant new spider species
A news article about Nephila komaci, a saucer-sized spider species found in South Africa. From thestar.com.

Canadian Spider Diversity and Systematics
A detailed article about Canadian spider diversity and systematics from the "E-Fauna" website.

Aquatic Invertebrates of Alberta Online Textbook
An online guide to all major groups of Alberta's aquatic invertebrates. Offers illustrated details of the natural history of each group as well as tips on collecting and preserving specimens. A University of Alberta website.