Lake Ontario

Ontario, Lake
Lake Ontario is 19 000 km² (10 000 km² in Canada), with a drainage area of 90 130 km², an elevation of 74 m, a mean depth of 86 m (max 244 m), length 311 km and width 85 km. It is the smallest in surface area and most easterly of the GREAT LAKES and eighth-largest body of fresh water in North America. The lake receives most of its water supply from the other Great Lakes through the NIAGARA RIVER and discharges into the ST LAWRENCE RIVER through the Kingston Basin at its northeast end. Other tributaries are the Genesee, Oswego and Black rivers in New York state and the Trent River in Ontario.

Lake Ontario occupies a bedrock depression originally produced by stream erosion and later modified by glaciation. Several glacial lakes of varying elevation occupied the basin before the current level and outlet were established about 11 000 years ago. The present basin has an elliptical plan with an east-west orientation and a complex lake bed reflecting its underlying rock structure and the effects of glaciation. The lakeshore is typically a low bluff of rock or glacial sediment with a narrow beach.

The intersection of older and higher glacial and lake deposits at the southeast end of TORONTO has produced the Scarborough Bluffs - spectacular, cathedral- like cliffs rising as high as 100 m above the lake. Other scenic shore features include the rocky coasts and islands of the Kingston Basin and the extensive sandy beaches at HAMILTON and Toronto on the Canadian side and Mexico Bay in the US.

Because Lake Ontario is deep and its winter climate is moderated by incursions of warm air from the southwest, its open waters rarely freeze in winter. From November to May the main body is well mixed at uniform temperature. From June through October the lake is stratified, with a warm upper layer 10-20 m thick and a cool lower layer. Temperatures at depths below 100 m are almost always less than 5°C. The average residence time of water in Lake Ontario is 8-10 years, compared with 3 years for Lake ERIE and more than 100 years for Lake SUPERIOR.

The first European known to have visited the lake was Étienne BRÛLÉ in 1615. The name Ontario is sometimes thought to be of Iroquoian origin, meaning "beautiful lake" or "sparkling water." It was first applied to the lake by Europeans in 1641 and appears on maps of North America as early as 1656. Conflict between the English and French and their Indian allies over the local fur trade inhibited European settlement until after the English takeover in 1763.

The first major group of settlers were LOYALISTS, many of whom settled on the north shore. The most vigorous campaigns of the WAR OF 1812 between the US and Great Britain were fought on or near Lake Ontario. (The vessels Hamilton and Scourge, lost in a squall during a naval engagement at that time, have been found on the lake bed near Niagara.)

Nearly one-quarter of the present population of Canada lives in southern Ontario near the lake. The "Golden Horseshoe," which encompasses the western end of the lake and includes the major cities of ST CATHARINES, Hamilton and Toronto, is the industrial heartland of the country. Urban centres on the lake east of Toronto include OSHAWA, PORT HOPE, COBOURG, BELLEVILLE and KINGSTON.

The other major factors promoting vigorous settlement and growth have been the productive farmland of southern Ontario and northwestern New York state, and access to ocean shipping via the ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY and to upper Great Lake ports via the WELLAND CANAL. Smaller craft can travel the RIDEAU CANAL from Kingston to Ottawa and the Trent-Severn Waterway between the Bay of Quinte and Georgian Bay.

Unfortunately, industrial and agricultural wealth has also led to the degradation of Lake Ontario water quality by pollution. Cautious optimism prevails, however, since the lake seems to be recovering as pollutant levels are reduced.

Author N. RUKAVINA AND F.M. BOYCE

Links to Other Sites
Historica-Dominion Institute
The website for the Historica-Dominion Institute, parent organization of The Canadian Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Check out their extensive online feature about the War of 1812, the "Heritage Minutes" video collection, and many other interactive resources concerning Canadian history, culture, and heritage.

Library and Archives Canada
The website for Library and Archives Canada. Offers searchable online collections of textual documents, photographs, audio recordings, and other digitized resources. Also includes virtual exhibits about Canadian history and culture, and research aids that assist in locating material in the physical collections.

The Great Lakes Atlas
This very extensive website covers the history, geography, ecology, and just about everything else you may want to know about the Great Lakes. A joint production of Environment Canada and the American E.P.A.

A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River
Explore 400 years of sailing history in the Niagara River and Lake Ontario region. Peruse original illustrations and rare photographs and the full text of this 1913 publication. From the “Maritime History of the Great Lakes” website.

Glossary: Lake Ontario-St Lawrence River system
A glossary of key terms related to environmental issues in the Lake Ontario-St Lawrence River system.

The Undefended Border: The Myth and the Reality
An online booklet that discusses the sometimes uneasy relationship between Canada and its southern neighbour, the United States of America, in the 19th century. Published by the Canadian Historical Association. From the Library and Archives Canada website.

Gun Shot Treaty of "1791"
An academic paper about the ill-defined history of the "Gun Shot Treaty of 1791" at the Bay of Quinte. From brandonu.ca.