Han

Han ("people of the river") live in the northern territories, predominantly the Yukon and Alaska. Many of the Han, also known as Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in ("people of the Klondike region"), live in and near Dawson City and are a self-governing First Nation.

Han territory traditionally straddled the Yukon-Alaska boundary, extending along the YUKON RIVER from about 20 km south of Dawson northward to about 50 km south of Circle, Alaska. Before the KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH there were 3 Han BAND communities along the Yukon River: Nuclako-Fort Reliance near Dawson, Johnny's Village near Eagle and Charley's Village in Alaska, though the Han ranged far up the Klondike (a derivative of the Han word "Tr'ondëk"), Forty Mile (Ch'ëdä Dëk) and other rivers.

There are 8 different Aboriginal language groups in the Yukon; 7 languages are Athapaskan and the 8th is TLINGIT. The Han language belongs to the Athapaskan language group; it is distinct from neighbouring Athapaskan languages, but there was interaction with surrounding groups. Out of the Han population, less than 10% speak the language.

After breakup in the spring and into the summer, families moved to camps along the Yukon River where they prepared their equipment and caught king and chum salmon, whitefish and pike. During the summer they joined other band members at fish camps along the river to harvest, smoke and dry the salmon and other fish. Large summer communities served as points for band and intertribal festivities as well as for salmon fishing. As fall approached, the Han left the river to hunt, repair their caribou surrounds, and fish in smaller rivers. In late autumn they returned to the Yukon, grouping into smaller communities during the fall and winter and intermittently leaving the river to hunt for moose, caribou and other game, and to operate their caribou surrounds.

Social System
Han society was divided into 3 exogamous matrilineal clans. Clan membership carried responsibilities such as hospitality and protection to clan members, and ceremonial obligations to those in other clans, such as cremating their dead. There was no formal organization and status and band leadership was attained through individual ability and achievement. The primary social unit was the nuclear family, sometimes including elders, which often worked in partnership with a closely related family. Cross-cousins were encouraged to marry; a young man usually lived at first with his wife's parents, then established his own residence and, wealth permitting, obtained additional wives. Polyandry also was known.

Ideology

Han ideology was similar to that of other Athapaskan groups of the Yukon. SHAMANISM was practised by both men and women to predict the outcome of the hunt, cure illness and destroy enemies. Artistic endeavours were manifested primarily by decorations on clothing and accessories and in songs.

European Influence
Indirect European influence, principally from coastal Alaska, did not reach the Han until the end of the 18th century. After 1847 the Han dealt directly with HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY traders at Fort Yukon located in GWICH'IN territory, but the first local settlers were American traders at Fort Reliance and Fort Eagle, 1874-85. By 1885 the focus of trade had changed from the native FUR TRADE to servicing the fledgling placer mining industry. Thereafter, the Han obtained a relatively complete line of Euro-American hardware, clothing and food staples from the trading posts. Gold strikes on the Fortymile River late in 1886 opened the isolated area to outside settlement, and within 10 years Han lifestyle was completely disrupted by the Klondike Gold Rush, especially for the Han living near Dawson City, which was one of the most active areas at that time. During the Gold Rush, almost all the Han (Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in) relocated to the Moosehide reserve near Dawson City.

Contemporary Life
Today, many of their highly acculturated descendants live in their original homeland in or near Dawson City, including nearby Moosehead, although after the 1950s the majority of people living on the Moosehead reserve moved to Dawson City.

The Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement has opened new opportunities for local industry, employment and political, social and cultural development, and in 1998 the Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in, Little Salmon-Carmacks and Selkirk First Nations successfully negotiated their land claim and self-government agreements under the Umbrella Final Agreement.

See also NATIVE PEOPLE, SUBARCTIC and general articles under NATIVE PEOPLE.

Author A. MCFADYEN CLARK

Suggested Reading
J. Helm, ed, Handbook of North American Indians, vol 6 Subarctic (1981); C. Osgood, The Han Indians (1971).

Links to Other Sites
Canadian Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge
The website for the Canadian Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge, which features Canada's largest essay writing competition for Aboriginal youth (ages 14-29) and a companion program for those who prefer to work through painting, drawing and photography. See their guidelines, teacher resources, profiles of winners, and more. From the Historica-Dominion Institute.

Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
The website for the "Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples." Click on the links for feature articles about Canada's many multicultural communities, access to their extensive digital archives collection, learning modules, and much more. From "Multicultural Canada."

Languages of Canada
A comprehensive online database of languages currently in use in Canada. Also provides details about extinct languages. Check out the "language maps" for more information. Based on "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition." From SIL International, a US website.

Yukon Native Language Centre
A superb multimedia site that offers an introduction to native languages in the Yukon. Features the Gwich'in, Hän, Kaska, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Tagish, and Upper Tanana languages. Includes information about training programs for teachers and the public.

Council of Yukon First Nations
Council of Yukon First Nations offers an overview of the history, culture, and current organization of First Nations populations and communities in the region.

Tr`ondek Hwech`in Community
A profile of the Tr`ondek Hwech`in community in the Yukon. Includes a description of traditional lifestyle and practices before the arrival of European settlers as well as an overview of more current activities.