Fir

Fir, Scandinavian for "pine," designates the "true" firs, which are evergreen CONIFERS (genus Abies) of the pine family (Pinaceae). About 50 species occur worldwide, all in the Northern Hemisphere; 4 are native to Canada. Balsam fir (A. balsamea) occurs from Alberta to the Atlantic Provinces. Alpine fir (A. lasiocarpa) grows at high elevations in the West, from Alaska to Mexico. Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis) and grand fir (A. grandis) grow along the BC, Washington and Oregon coasts. Three introduced species (white, shasta and Spanish firs) are planted as ORNAMENTALS.

Firs have single straight trunks and narrow pyramidal crowns. Branches are regularly whorled; leaves are flat and needlelike. Cones are erect and usually restricted to upper branches. Pollination occurs in spring; seeds are mature in the fall. The bracts (modified leaves) and scales (ovule-bearing structures) are shed from the cone axis with the winged seeds.

Firs are stately trees, making them popular as Christmas trees. The first Christmas tree in North America was a fir lit with candles and gracing the dining room of the baroness Friederike von Riedesel in Sorel (now Sorel-Tracy), Québec, in 1781. The relatively light, soft, weak wood is used extensively for pulp, paper and lumber.

Author JOHN N. OWENS

Links to Other Sites
The Plant List
Search this online database for information about one million plant species from around the world. Also, click on "major plant groups" at the bottom of the page to browse descriptions of species of interest. Fungi and algae are excluded. From the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK and the Missouri Botanical Garden in the US.

Flora of North America
The FNA website features information on the names, taxonomic relationships, continent-wide distributions, and morphological characteristics of all plants native and naturalized found in North America north of Mexico.