Eugene Forsey

After his father died, Forsey's mother moved with him to Canada (Newfoundland had not yet joined Confederation). Forsey was raised in Ottawa in the home of his Quebec-born maternal grandfather, William Cochrane Bowles, a high official in the House of Commons. Growing up in a milieu where literature, politics and religion were the stuff of daily life, the young Forsey eagerly participated in the adults' discussions and excelled in his studies. Family vacations nurtured his love for the lakes and hills of the Canadian Shield, and for the Atlantic coast where his roots went deep.

After receiving an Honours BA from McGill University in Economics, Political Science and English, he earned an MA with a study of the strife-torn Nova Scotia coal industry. He spent three years at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, then returned to McGill in 1929 to teach at the invitation of professor Stephen Leacock.

Soon-to Leacock's dismay-Forsey became heavily involved in Canada's burgeoning SOCIALIST movement. Appalled by the inequities of the GREAT DEPRESSION, he helped to found the League for Social Reconstruction, the CO-OPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH FEDERATION (CCF, later the NDP) and the Fellowship for a Christian Social Order. In 1935 he married linguist and teacher Harriet Roberts of Saint John, New Brunswick, who joined him in his activism and his work towards his PhD.

The McGill authorities never liked their young lecturer's politics or his insistence on high academic standards, and in 1941, just as he received his doctorate, they terminated his contract. After a year at Harvard on a Guggenheim Fellowship, Forsey returned to Ottawa as research director of the fledgling CANADIAN CONGRESS OF LABOUR (later the Canadian Labour Congress), where one of his mentors was the feisty mineworker and fellow Newfoundlander Silby BARRETT.

Forsey's PhD thesis, published in 1943, attacked Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie KING for his 1926 attempt to avoid defeat by having Parliament dissolved. The Royal Power of Dissolution of Parliament in the British Commonwealth established the activist CCFer as a force to be reckoned with on constitutional matters. It also cemented his remarkable bond with former Conservative Prime Minister Arthur MEIGHEN, King's political nemesis.

Over the next quarter century, Forsey worked as a "trade union civil servant," building the Congress's research capacity, pioneering its government relations and public education functions and providing the membership with ongoing analysis of events and policies. During those years, he helped Harriet raise their two daughters, taught part-time at Carleton University, published in historical and political journals, served on United Church committees, and ran (unsuccessfully) in elections as a CCF candidate. Between 1958 and 1962 he was also a member of the Board of Broadcast Governors, forerunner of today's media regulator, the CRTC.

Forsey's over-riding vocation, however, was that of watch-dog for the body politic. His criticisms, like his friendships, crossed party lines, and he became increasingly popular as a speaker and commentator. The media loved him for his sparkling wit, his down-to-earth, sensible explanations, and the feistiness of his often controversial opinions. Those opinions ranged from his denunciations of company unionism to his advocacy of universal public health care; from his eloquent attacks on "pseudo-history" and bad English to his learned defence of the reserve powers of the Crown as essential to parliamentary democracy.

A committed federalist, Forsey "couldn't stomach it" when the CCF's successor, the NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY, adopted the quasi-sovereignist theory of Canada and Quebec as "two nations" in 1961. He quit the party, and spent the next three decades fighting eloquently in both official languages to save and strengthen the progressive, bilingual, multi-cultural Canadian nation he envisioned.

He was working on a history of early trade unionism in Canada when he retired from the Labour Congress in 1969. A year later, his friend Pierre TRUDEAU appointed him to the SENATE. For the next nine years, Forsey enlivened Parliament's upper house, contributing his expertise to legislation and committee work, particularly on questions of social justice, democracy, and the constitution. Although he sat as a Liberal to support Trudeau's federalist policies, he often voted against government measures, and in 1982 he resumed his more natural role as an independent critic. For him, principle always trumped partisanship.

He was active in political and academic circles right up until his death in 1991. He was a Skelton-Clark Fellow at Queen's University in the 1960s, a visiting professor at Waterloo in 1969-70, and Chancellor of Trent University during his Senate years. Fourteen Canadian universities gave him honourary degrees; at many of them he delivered the convocation address. Today, several scholarships and prizes honour Forsey's contributions to Canadian public life.

Even after retiring from the Senate, he was consulted so often by politicians of all stripes that he was given an office on Parliament Hill. He presented briefs to parliamentary committees, wrote extensively on constitutional matters, and sent a stream of letters and articles to the academic and mainstream press. His last great public battle was over the MEECH LAKE ACCORD, which he saw as a constitutional straitjacket and a threat to Canadian democracy.

Throughout his life, Forsey's politics were based in his religious faith and his concern for humanity and the planet. His 1953 trip to India as co-director of a World University Service seminar gave him lasting international friendships and a heightened awareness of both the inequities and the potentials of this "global village." In his later years he played a modest part in various efforts towards peace, justice and environmental sanity.

Forsey was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a member of the Privy Council, and a Companion of the Order of Canada. He is remembered as a 20th-century Canadian whose brilliant intellect, principled combativeness and unremitting hard work helped to shape this country.

Forsey, Eugene
Eugene Forsey was one of Canada's best-known political commentators and a defender of the roles of the Crown and the Senate (courtesy Library and Archives Canada/PA-120736).

Eugene Forsey
Senator and constitutional expert Eugene Forsey circa 1981 (photo courtesy Chris Brown, Liquid Visual).

Suggested Reading
Forsey, Eugene, A Life on the Fringe: The Memoirs of Eugene Forsey (1990), Trade Unions in Canada: 1812 - 1902 (1982), Freedom and Order: Collected Essays (1974), Evatt and Forsey on the Reserve Powers (1990); Helen Forsey, Eugene Forsey, Canada's Maverick Sage (2012); J.E. Hodgetts (ed.), The Sound of One Voice: Eugene Forsey and his Letters to the Press (2000).

Author HELEN FORSEY

Links to Other Sites
How Canadians Govern Themselves
See an online version of Eugene Forsey's very readable book about Canada's parliamentary system of government. Also compares Canadian and American forms of government. Includes biographical notes on the author. From the Parliament of Canada.

Eugene Forsey, Canada's Maverick Sage
See a synopsis of a biography of prominent Canadian politician Eugene Forsey written by his daughter Helen Forsey. From Dundurn Press.