Dog

Dog (Canis familiaris), carnivorous MAMMAL, probably the first domesticated animal. Many separate domestications occurred in different places beginning 10 000 to 20 000 years ago. The main progenitor was the WOLF; the jackal may also have contributed. In North America, local dog stocks may have derived in part from the COYOTE. These wild species can interbreed with dogs and produce fertile progeny. Despite persistent folk stories, hybridization between dogs and foxes is not successful and foxes cannot be considered ancestral to any dog breed.

Dogs were kept by native peoples throughout Canada in the centuries before European exploration and settlement. They had various uses: for transportation and draft work, hunting, clothing materials and sometimes human food. Inuit dogs are still used to pull sleds and carry backpacks; they are also used in SEALING and to provide protection from polar bears.

Canadian Plains Indians relied on dogs for transportation (eg, by dog travois) until they acquired horses in the early 1700s; their breeds are now extinct. On the West Coast, the Salish kept a small, woolly type of dog, using the hair for weaving; it became extinct by about 1860. Dogs were also important in religion; the White Dog Festival, observed by some eastern tribes, required the sacrifice of dogs of a special breed.

Dogs have been an important domestic animal wherever people have settled. Hundreds of distinctive breeds developed over the centuries, partly through regional isolation and partly through conscious selection by humans. Several hundred breeds are currently named and recognized by various kennel clubs; some, eg, poodles, German Shepherd dogs and Irish setters, have worldwide distribution.

The Canadian Kennel Club which maintains registration records for Canadian purebred dogs, officially recognizes 143 breeds. Several other breeds are present but are not formally registered. The recognized breeds are classified into groups generally indicating the purpose for which they were developed: sporting dogs, hounds, working dogs, terriers, toys, nonsporting dogs and herding dogs. A miscellaneous category exists for breeds in the process of achieving full recognition.

Canadian Breeds
Five of the breeds recognized by the CKC can be claimed to be uniquely Canadian: the Tahltan bear dog, the Canadian Eskimo dog, the Nova Scotia duck-tolling retriever, and the Newfoundland and Labrador retrievers. The last 2 have Canadian names but owe most of their development to breeders in Great Britain and Europe.

Tahltan Bear Dog

Kept by the Tahltan Indians of northwestern BC, this dog was small, probably of the Spitz family, with a foxy head and erect bat ears. Its distinctive, medium-length tail was carried erect and ended in a wide brush. Most were white with black patches. They were used for hunting bear and lynx. The breed was recognized by the CKC in 1940, but only 9 dogs were ever registered. There are none left in Tahltan country, and those that were registered have long since died. Breeders continue to search for survivors, without much hope of success.

Canadian Eskimo Dog

When SNOWMOBILES were introduced to the Arctic, the need for sled dogs rapidly diminished. It soon became evident that the Eskimo dogs which had been kept by people of the Thule culture for 1100-2000 years were facing extinction. The breed had been recognized by the CKC but registered stock had not persisted. The Eskimo Dog Research Foundation was formed to re-establish the breed. A few dogs of the original type were obtained from remote Inuit camps in Boothia Peninsula, Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island. They were taken to Yellowknife to form the nucleus of a breeding colony. This stock has now been accepted for registration by the CKC under the revised name "Canadian Eskimo Dog." Many have been returned to the Inuit. They are intermediate in speed and strength to the Siberian husky and Alaskan Malamute. They are sled and backpack dogs and are useful in hunting.

Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever

A small breed familiar to Canadians, this retriever is almost unknown in other countries. To "toll" means to entice game to approach by arousing curiosity. A tolling dog is trained to play along the shoreline, attracting inquisitive ducks to swim within gunshot range; the dog is then sent into the water to retrieve the birds. In the late 19th century, a breed with these characteristics was developed in Yarmouth County, NS. Several breeds and crosses were used in its development. The dogs are rather foxlike in colour and activity and are intermediate in size and conformation to spaniels and retrievers.

Newfoundlands

Newfoundlands may have originated in dogs kept by native peoples, or may be traced to dogs brought by the Vikings about 1000 AD. There probably was later admixture with dogs brought to the island by Basque and Portuguese fishing fleets. British visitors were attracted to the big black dogs and took some of them back to England, where they became very popular. The heavy, long-coated dogs are excellent swimmers and are renowned as family companions and guardians. A black and white variety was depicted by Sir Edwin Landseer in his famous painting A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society, and the variety has since become known as the Landseer.

Labrador Retriever
These dogs, probably from the same stock as the Newfoundland, were shaped into a distinctive breed by the English nobility, who selected them for smaller size, finer bone and a short coat. Other sporting breeds were crossed into the stock. The breed is one of the best gundogs in existence and is used as a "seeing-eye" dog. Most are black but other colours (yellow, chocolate and cream) have become popular.

Most dogs in Canada are kept as pets. Many purebred dogs provide recreation and employment for people participating in competitive events governed by the CKC. Such competitions include conformation shows, obedience trials, field trials for hounds and sporting breeds, tracking tests, and the new spectator sports, lure coursing and scent hurdle racing. Sportsmen use various specially bred and trained breeds for hunting upland GAME BIRDS, WATERFOWL and small mammals. Greyhounds and wolfhounds are used in western Canada to hunt coyotes and wolves.

Many kinds of dogs actively work for man. Sled dogs are useful in the North. Border collies retain their superiority for sheepherding, and the Komondor breed is being used experimentally in western Canada to guard flocks. Australian cattle dogs, formerly known as Queensland heelers, are gaining popularity with Canadian cattlemen for driving livestock. The German shepherd dog, Doberman pinscher and Bouvier des Flandres are widely used in police and military work and as guard dogs. Schutzhund (protection dog) training is increasing in Canada. It involves intensive schooling in obedience, tracking and defence.

The most remarkable dogs are those trained to guide the blind; several hundred, many from training schools in Ontario and Edmonton, are at work in Canada helping their blind owners to lead more normal lives. Several breeds are used, including German shepherd dogs, Labrador retrievers, boxers and collies.

Author R.D. CRAWFORD

Suggested Reading
Canadian Kennel Club, The Canadian Kennel Club Book of Dogs (1982).

Links to Other Sites
Animal Health Care
Animal Health Care is a site devoted to pets, veterinary medicine and the pet care industry. Check out the info about the CVMA Pet Food Certification Program. From the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.

Canadian Veterinary Medical Association
The CVMA website features up to date information about vaccine protocols, health care products and other animal health topics.

Canadian Council on Animal Care
The CCAC monitors the care and use of experimental animals in Canada. Their website offers detailed guidelines, data on animal use and related material. Sponsored by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and other agencies.

The Human-Animal Bond Association of Canada
HABAC promotes the benefits of human-animal relationships for senior citizens and others. Includes information about the Canadian Canine Good Citizen Test.

Canadian Eskimo Dog Association of Canada
This website is dedicated to the history, care, and raising of the Canadian Eskimo Dog breed.

Gold Rush Trail Sled Dog Mail Run
This site traces the route of the Gold Rush Trail Sled Dog Mail Run and offers photos of sled dog teams.

Yukon Quest
The website for the Yukon Quest International Sled Dog Race. Features musher profiles, a photo gallery, race news and interesting educational resources.

Glossary: Veterinary Medicine
A glossary of terms related to veterinary medicine. From Washington State University's College of Veterinary Medicine.

Hudson's Bay Company: Heritage
This colourful HBC website documents over 300 years of company history. Features illustrated biographies of prominent personalities, an online art collection, e-books, historical games, timelines, interactive maps, and much more.

Protecting 4-legged friends
A CBC news story about the regulation of pet food in Canada.

Inuit Sled Dogs
Final Report: RCMP Review of Allegations Concerning Inuit Sled Dogs. From the RCMP website.

Inuit Truth Commission
CBC News article: Inuit truth commission begins hearings on sled-dog deaths.

Beautiful Joe
Margaret Marshall Saunders's novel "Beautiful Joe," based on the story of a dog rescued from a brutal master.Beautiful Joe Heritage Society