Charles-Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry

Charles-Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry, British army and Canadian militia officer, military figure in the WAR OF 1812 (b at Beauport, Qué 19 Nov 1778; d at Chambly, Lower Canada 27 Feb 1829). At age 14, de Salaberry enlisted as a volunteer in the 44th Foot. In 1794, through the patronage of Prince Edward Augustus, a family friend who later became the Duke of Kent, de Salaberry became an ensign in the 60th Foot.

De Salaberry's Early Career
De Salaberry distinguished himself during service in St. Domingo, Guadaloupe and Martinique before his first posting to LOWER CANADA, and returned to the West Indies in 1797. At the end of 1799, de Salaberry was promoted to captain and in June 1803, received command of a company in the 1st Battalion, 60th Foot. Early in 1806, de Salaberry was transferred to the 5th Battalion of the 60th Foot, which was commanded by Francis de ROTTENBURG, a pioneer in light infantry and rifle tactics. Between July 1806 and March 1807, de Salaberry was involved in recruiting. In June 1810, de Rottenburg was posted to Lower Canada and took de Salaberry with him as an aide-de-camp.

De Salaberry Commands the Voltigeurs
In July 1811, de Salaberry became a brevet major and in early 1812, as war with the US seemed imminent, he proposed raising a provincial corps, the Canadian VOLTIGEURS. Recruiting began in April and the unit became perhaps the finest provincial unit of the war. In the autumn of 1812, the Voltigeurs went to the frontier of Lower Canada and de Salaberry took charge of the border defences. He led the forces that repelled the Americans at LACOLLE in November 1812, defended Odelltown in September 1813 and led an abortive raid on the American camp at Four Corners in early October 1813. He was then placed under the command of Major General Louis de Watteville, a Swiss officer in British service, who commanded the entire frontier. De Salaberry was responsible for defending the Lower Châteauguay River.

The Americans launched a major offensive against Montréal in the fall of 1813. A 3700-man division under Major General Wade Hampton was concentrated at Four Corners on the Châteauguay River, just south of the border with New York State. Another division was ready to move down the St Lawrence River to Montréal.

Hampton crossed the frontier on the 21st. De Salaberry had the advantage in being familiar with the terrain he was to defend. Following the attack on Hampton's camp, he had spotted a wooded and swampy area with ravines that intersected the Châteauguay River at right angles. When he learned the Americans were advancing toward this spot, de Salaberry turned it into a strong position. He had a polyglot mixture of 1800 regulars, provincial troops and embodied and sedentary militia; most of them were Canadiens. A contingent of First Nations warriors was also present. De Salaberry arranged his position in four lines on the west side of the river. A picket of warriors, light infantry and militia were placed ahead of the first line and another picket was established near a ford across the river.

The Americans attacked at first light on 26 October. One brigade advanced toward de Salaberry's main position, while another moved along the opposite shore. Both were stopped and soon in retreat. Hampton then returned to the US. One part of the American offensive had been thwarted and the second would end at CRYSLER'S FARM in November.

De Salaberry's Final Years of Service
De Salaberry was so angered by the lack of recognition he received in the dispatch about the action released by Lieutenant General PREVOST, the commander-in-chief of BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, that he offered his resignation. The Duke of Kent intervened and de Salaberry remained in the army. He saw no other action during the war and relinquished command of the Voltigeurs in early 1814. He left the army in 1815 and settled near Chambly, where he became a wealthy landowner and businessman. He received an Army Gold Medal for Châteauguay and was made a companion of the Order of the Bath. He also became a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. His military service had ruined his health and he died in 1829, at the age of 50.

Author JOHN R. GRODZINSKI

Links to Other Sites
Historica-Dominion Institute
The website for the Historica-Dominion Institute, parent organization of The Canadian Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Check out their extensive online feature about the War of 1812, the "Heritage Minutes" video collection, and many other interactive resources concerning Canadian history, culture, and heritage.

Battle of the Châteauguay National Historic Site of Canada
This site offers a summary of issues that precipitated the War of 1812 as well as details of the role of British commander Charles-Michel d’Irumberry de Salaberry in the 1813 Battle of the Châteauguay. From Parks Canada.

The Valiants
This Ottawa memorial honours fourteen valiant men and women who gave outstanding wartime service to Canada.

The Voltigeurs de Québec
View an image and description of the badge for the Voltigeurs Canadiens (1812-1815), a temporary British Army regular unit commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles-Michel d’Irumberry de Salaberry during the War of 1812. From the website for the Canadian Heraldic Authority.

The Project of Conquering this Province is Premature
A detailed account of the actions of British forces under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry at the Battle of the Châteauguay, 26 October 1813. From “The Canadian Army Journal.”

French Canadian Participation in the War of 1812
A detailed article about the trying conditions endured by French Canadians who served in the Voltigeurs Canadiens and other colonial militia units in the defence of Lower Canada during the War of 1812. With illustrations of military uniforms. From the journal "Canadian Military History."

Lieutenant-Colonel Charles-Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry
A portrait of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles-Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry, circa 1813-1815. Includes notes about his role in the War of 1812. From the Canadian Military History Gateway website.

Canadian Voltigeurs
A brief note about the Canadian Voltigeurs' participation in the War of 1812.

An Account of The Battle of Châteauguay
See the full text of a detailed lecture about the Battle of Châteauguay delivered to the Châteauguay Literary and Historical Society in 1889. Includes a brief summary of the issues leading up to the 1812 declaration of war by the United States. From the gutenberg.org website.

Dominique Ducharme
A biography of Dominique Ducharme (baptized François), fur trader, militia officer, office holder, and justice of the peace. From the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.

Charles-Michel d’Irumberry de Salaberry
A biography of Charles-Michel d’Irumberry de Salaberry, army and militia officer, politician, seigneur, office holder, and jp. From the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.