Cat

The domestic cat, a species of flesh-eating mammal belonging to family Felidae, order CARNIVORA, is a small, lithe, intelligent, soft-furred animal. About 4.8 million domestic cats inhabit Canada, averaging 2.4 per cat-owning household (just over 1 in every 2 households).

Domestication
The origin of the domesticated cat is shrouded in mystery. Scientists speculate that a long-extinct animal, the small arboreal miacis, existed 40-50 million years ago and was probably ancestral to the bear, weasel, fox, coyote, raccoon, dog and cat. Another very agile animal which more closely resembled today's cat, the dinictis, is thought to have appeared 10 million years later.

It is now generally accepted that house cats originated in the African wildcat, Felis catus lybica, which later interbred with the European wildcat, F. c. silvestris. The earliest evidence of domesticated cats can be traced to ancient Egypt about 2500 BC. Egyptians held the cat in great esteem, worshipping it and protecting it from injury.

Phoenician trading ships are thought to have brought the first domesticated cats to Europe around 900 BC. Romans are believed to have introduced the cat to England. It was not until settlers arrived from Europe with their domesticated cats that cats were kept as pets in North America.

Physiology
Feline structure is mammalian and, in many respects, similar to that of humans physiologically and anatomically. The cat's skeleton has about 244 bones (nearly 40 more than the human adult). This extremely flexible skeleton, controlled by more than 500 skeletal muscles, gives the cat its ability and fluid motion. This superb mechanism is geared for enormous bursts of power, but the cat has little sustaining vigour.

Unlike most animals, which move the left front leg with the right hind leg, the cat walks or runs by moving the front and hind legs on one side, then those on the other. The cat walks or runs on its toes with the heels up. Movement is silent because the paws are thickly cushioned.

A cat's main defensive weapon is its claws (normally 5 in front, 4 in the back), which are extended or retracted by means of flexor tendons. Curved and very sharp, they are well adapted for grasping prey. The cat's 30 teeth (16, upper jaw; 14, lower) are the most specialized teeth among carnivores. Cats cannot chew; their food is cut and torn, not crushed or ground. Their teeth are also used for grasping and holding.

Cats' skin is exceptionally quick to regenerate and to fight off infection entering through a wound. Coat hairs are shed continuously, but, to a greater degree, seasonally.

Sensory Functions
Cats' eyes have swift accommodation (the power of adjusting focus to distance) and can function equally well in almost complete darkness and in bright daylight. A cat has supersensitive hearing and can perceive ultrasonic sounds far higher in pitch than humans can detect. It can respond to sounds as high as 65 kilohertz.

A cat's sense of touch can be compared with that of an insect. Every hair is sensitive, including eyebrows, whiskers, cheek hairs, and ear tufts, as are the tip of the nose and the paw pads. The sense of taste and smell are closely allied. Cats select and find their food through olfaction. The cat's tongue has several functions associated with grooming and eating, and is the primary organ of taste.

Breeds
The Canadian Cat Association (CCA) recognizes 45 breeds. These breeds have developed gradually, either naturally or by deliberate selective breeding. Cats are of 2 types: the very popular house cat, product of chance mating of different breeds; and the purebred, belonging to a breed with recognized characteristics maintained through generations of unmixed descent. Generally, purebreds are divided into long-haired and short-haired breeds.

Cats have diverse coat colours and patterns. They can be one solid colour or can have more than one colour arranged in a pattern, as in tabbies, tortoiseshells and calicos. They can also be point coloured as in Siamese, Birman, Balinese and Himalayan groups.

Associations
Cat fancy in Canada developed gradually. The first recorded show, a 2-day event with one officiating judge, was held in 1906 in Toronto. Most of the original purebred stock was imported from England. During the war years (1939-45), cat breeding and showing was greatly curtailed. After WWII interest revived and in 1960 the CCA was founded.

Today there are active clubs in most major cities and they hold at least one show annually. The Canadian National Cat Club, one of the oldest active clubs, sponsored cat shows at the annual CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION (CNE). In 1968 the CNCC disbanded and the CNE's sponsorship was passed to the Royal Canadian Cat Club, an affiliate of the CCA.

Many clubs in Canada are affiliated with other associations, such as the International Cat Association, Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), American Cat Fanciers Association (ACFA) and American Cat Association (ACA). Winnipeg's Manitoba Cat Club, the largest and most active club in Canada, averaging approximately 150 members, was organized in 1962 and became affiliated with the ACFA.

Author JOHN M. BODNER

Suggested Reading
Cat Fanciers' Association, The Cat Fanciers' Association Cat Encyclopedia (1995); G. Pond, The Complete Cat Encyclopedia (1972); M. Wright and S. Walter, The Book of the Cat (1980).

Links to Other Sites
Animal Health Care
Animal Health Care is a site devoted to pets, veterinary medicine and the pet care industry. Check out the info about the CVMA Pet Food Certification Program. From the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.

Canadian Veterinary Medical Association
The CVMA website features up to date information about vaccine protocols, health care products and other animal health topics.

Canadian Cat Association
The official website of the Canadian Cat Association.

Canadian Biodiversity Website
A great information source for all budding biologists. Learn about biodiversity theory, natural history, and conservation issues. From McGill’s Redpath Museum.

Canadian Council on Animal Care
The CCAC monitors the care and use of experimental animals in Canada. Their website offers detailed guidelines, data on animal use and related material. Sponsored by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and other agencies.

The Human-Animal Bond Association of Canada
HABAC promotes the benefits of human-animal relationships for senior citizens and others. Includes information about the Canadian Canine Good Citizen Test.

Glossary: Veterinary Medicine
A glossary of terms related to veterinary medicine. From Washington State University's College of Veterinary Medicine.

Protecting 4-legged friends
A CBC news story about the regulation of pet food in Canada.