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The Constitutional Act of 1791 was an Act of the British Parliament creating UPPER CANADA and LOWER CANADA. It came into effect on December 26, having received royal assent the preceding June. This Act enshrined constitutional changes that were part of that reorganization of BRITISH NORTH AMERICA which took place under the pressure of thousands of LOYALISTS seeking refuge after the American Revolution. Modelled on the earlier creation of the provinces of New Brunswick and Cape Breton in 1784, a constitutional bill was prepared by William Wyndham Grenville to ensure the development of British parliamentary institutions in the territory governed by the QUEBEC ACT of 1774. According to its author, the bill's general purpose was to "assimilate" each colony's constitution to that of Britain. The bill had 4 main objectives: to guarantee the same rights and privileges as were enjoyed by loyal subjects elsewhere in North America; to ease the burden on the imperial treasury by granting colonial assemblies the right to levy taxes with which to pay for local civil and legal administration; to justify the territorial division of the PROVINCE OF QUEBEC and the creation of separate provincial legislatures; and to maintain and strengthen the bonds of political dependency by remedying acknowledged constitutional weaknesses of previous colonial governments. This involved bolstering the authority and prestige of the governor by making him a true representative of the imperial power, and limiting the powers of the elected colonial assemblies by creating independent legislative councils whose appointed members comprised an aristocratic body modelled on the House of Lords and devoted to the interests of the Crown (see CHÂTEAU CLIQUE; FAMILY COMPACT). The Act guaranteed continuity of ownership of lands held under the SEIGNEURIAL SYSTEM in Lower Canada and created the CLERGY RESERVES in Upper Canada. By giving Upper Canada a provincial constitution and a separate existence, and by favouring British colonization there, Britain took the first steps on the path that led, ultimately, to the creation of the Canadian Confederation. Nevertheless, many historians have considered that the Act's failure to establish RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT and its distribution of financial powers in favour of the appointed councils as factors contributing to the political conflict of the early 19th century. See also REBELLIONS OF 1837.
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